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Learn why Solo Parents, Grandparents and Guardians have legal requirements before crossing international borders and get Permission to Travel forms here.

Did you know that a child departing the United States and traveling with only one parent, a guardian, grandparents or other adults, must have a written and notarized permission letter from both birth parents or legal guardians to enter many countries, even on a cruise ship's shore excursions?

In an effort to halt international child abduction, runaways, and the transport of children involved in child-custody disputes, American carriers have been cracking down on adults departing the U.S. with minors. This is due to the enhanced awareness of children's rights raised by the Hague Convention, a treaty created to deter international child abductions, which, as of July 2001, is in force between the United States and 50 other countries.

The Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade reminds visitors that "Foreign officials and transportation companies are vigilant concerning documentation for children crossing international borders. Make sure you carry the proper identification for yourself and any children traveling with you, including any documents that might be required by the authorities of the country you intend to visit, and by Canadian authorities on your return to Canada with the child."

Additionally, rising health care costs and legal issues have forced many medical providers to deny medical care to minors without proper authorization and, increasingly, proof of medical insurance coverage, from their guardians. Read on for tips on how to make this paperwork less of a burden, and to obtain sample forms. (Sample forms available here.)

U. S. Passports & Foreign Passports

To enforce the Hague Convention provisions, the U.S. Department of State requires that every citizen, no matter the age, carry her own passport and appear in person to apply for one. Since July 2001, strict guidelines for the issuance of passports to minors have required the presence of both parents, with proof of parentage, or one parent's appearance with a notarized statement of consent from the second parent (or divorce papers, death certificates, lawyer's letters.)

This is a complex issue, so be sure to call the National Passport Information Center with questions at their toll-free phone assistance line, 877/4USA-PPT (877/487-2778 or 888/874-7793 for TDD/TTY help); or visit check the NPIC website before arriving at their office for an interview.

If you're planning a foreign vacation, start this process early because new Department of Homeland Security laws have created a rush at the National Passport Center. As part of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, re-entering the United States by air, land or ship from any destination -- including neighboring countries which previously required only a birth certificate -- will soon require passports from American citizens of all ages.

If custody issues are a concern, the Children's Passport Issuance Alert Program provides notification to parents of passport applications made on behalf of minor children, and denial of passport issuance if appropriate court orders are on file with the CPIAP. The Office of Children's Issues (888/407-4747) will provide more information.